Differences when considering countries was taken into account by fixed effects ?

The fresh sibling fixed consequences establish 65% of your type from inside the education contained in this take to

_gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).

Within try there are 676 siblings, of exactly who 302 have been ple (because they come from a household in which one or more girl was married very early) have dads which have significantly straight down informative attainment, are more likely to getting Muslim, and therefore are likely to inhabit rural section

Whenever we mention this new the quantity that state and village fixed consequences simply take differences in social and you can financial disadvantage of the exploring the ability to establish variation inside informative attainment, we find the town fixed consequences describe more than 30% with the version, a bit more than the step three% told me by province repaired effects. All of the adaptation try however within this villages.

We earliest present estimations you to definitely manage getting state*time-trend FE then village*time-trend FE. I then wade a step after that by to provide performance where we guess cousin fixed consequences activities where the coefficients are estimated out of comparisons off siblings, one of exactly who got hitched early together with almost every other whom did maybe not. It research control for all nearest and dearest attributes, each other observable and you may unobservable, experienced from the sisters elizabeth.grams., family relations record. That it yet not significantly reduces the brand new try. Such results are therefore best-read to be relevant to houses of a whole lot more conservative minimizing socio-economic households. Footnote ten

Finally, ?_ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11

where ChY_ihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (X_ihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHCh_hv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Ch_ihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.